Genética de populações de pirarucus (Arapaima gigas) da Reserva Mamirauá e considerações sobre estrutura genética para a espécie

O pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) é um importante recurso pesqueiro da região amazônica, que vem sendo explorado desde o século XIX, havendo indícios de diminuição do tamanho populacional em algumas localidades ao longo da sua distribuição. O manejo da pesca vem sendo uma das estratégias adotadas para manter essa atividade pesqueira associada a conservação da espécie. Neste trabalho avaliamos aspectos populacionais de pirarucus de duas localidades da Reserva Mamirauá (Jarauá e Maraã), e comparamos estas com as populações já analisadas de Santarém e Tucuruí, verificando suas variabilidade e estrutura genética. Para isso foram utilizados sete locos microssatélites genotipados para 463 pirarucus da Reserva Mamirauá coletados ao longo de cinco anos. Nossos resultados encontraram uma maior diversidade genética para esta população em comparação as encontradas em Santarém e Tucuruí. As análises indicam que o manejo esta sendo ecologicamente eficiente, não tendo havido alterações significantes ao longo dos cinco anos de estudo. A migração lateral, associada a um possível padrão de retorno ao lago sem fidelidade espacial, parece ter grande importância na homogeneização genética local. Entretanto, este fator é espacialmente limitado, sendo observada uma pequena diferenciação entre os pirarucus do Jarauá e do Maraã. Entre localidades mais distantes, a diferenciação é maior, apesar de somente a distância não ser capaz de explicar esse fenômeno. Acreditamos que a diminuição populacional em localidades intermediárias, provavelmente causada por sobre-pesca, pode estar influenciando a conectividade ao longo dos pontos estudados.

Genetic structure of red-handed howler monkey populations in the fragmented landscape of Eastern Brazilian Amazonia

We genotyped 15 microsatellite loci in order to evaluate the effects of habitat fragmentation, caused by flooding of the Tucuruí reservoir, on the genetic structure of Alouatta belzebul in eastern Amazonia. The analysis included two populations sampled in 1984, representing both margins of the Tocantins river, and three populations sampled 18 years later. Minimal differences in the diversity levels between present-day (Ho = 0.62-0.69 and AR = 6.07-7.21) and pre-flooding (Ho = 0.60-0.62 and AR = 6.27-6.77) populations indicated there was no significant loss of genetic variability, possibly because of successful management strategies applied during the flooding. The changes observed were limited to shifts in the composition of alleles, which presumably reflect the admixture of subpopulations during flooding. Given this, there were significant differences in the Rst values (p = 0.05) in all but one between-site comparison. Both present-day and original populations showed a deficit of heterozygotes, which suggests that this may be typical of the species, at least at a local level, perhaps because of specific ecological characteristics. The relatively large number of private alleles recorded in all populations may be a consequence of the Wahlund effect resulting from population admixture or a process of expansion rather than the loss of rare alleles through genetic drift. Additionally, the levels of genetic variability observed in this study were higher than those reported for other species of Neotropical primates, suggesting good fitness levels in these A. belzebul populations. Regular genetic monitoring of remnant populations, especially on islands, should nevertheless be an integral component of long-term management strategies.

Genetic relationships among native americans based on beta-globin gene cluster haplotype frequencies

The distribution of b-globin gene haplotypes was studied in 209 Amerindians from eight tribes of the Brazilian Amazon: Asurini from Xingú, Awá-Guajá, Parakanã, Urubú-Kaapór, Zoé, Kayapó (Xikrin from the Bacajá village), Katuena, and Tiriyó. Nine different haplotypes were found, two of which (n. 11 and 13) had not been previously identified in Brazilian indigenous populations. Haplotype 2 (+ - - - -) was the most common in all groups studied, with frequencies varying from 70% to 100%, followed by haplotype 6 (- + + - +), with frequencies between 7% and 18%. The frequency distribution of the b-globin gene haplotypes in the eighteen Brazilian Amerindian populations studied to date is characterized by a reduced number of haplotypes (average of 3.5) and low levels of heterozygosity and intrapopulational differentiation, with a single clearly predominant haplotype in most tribes (haplotype 2). The Parakanã, Urubú-Kaapór, Tiriyó and Xavante tribes constitute exceptions, presenting at least four haplotypes with relatively high frequencies. The closest genetic relationships were observed between the Brazilian and the Colombian Amerindians (Wayuu, Kamsa and Inga), and, to a lesser extent, with the Huichol of Mexico. North-American Amerindians are more differentiated and clearly separated from all other tribes, except the Xavante, from Brazil, and the Mapuche, from Argentina. A restricted pool of ancestral haplotypes may explain the low diversity observed among most present-day Brazilian and Colombian Amerindian groups, while interethnic admixture could be the most important factor to explain the high number of haplotypes and high levels of diversity observed in some South-American and most North-American tribes.

Genetic characterization of the population of São Luís, MA, Brazil

Five loci (vWA1, F13A1, D12S67, Apo-B and D1S80) were investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining in a sample of 177 individuals from the population of São Luís, State of Maranhão, Brazil. A total of 70 different alleles were identified. A statistically significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed in a single locus (F13A1, p = 0.0075). The average heterozygosity (H) was estimated at 77.7%, the mean number of alleles per locus as 14. The PD (capacity of genotype differentiation at each locus) ranged from 88.9% (vWA1) to 96.7% (F13A1). The combined PE (power of exclusion) of these five loci was 99.8%. In terms of racial admixture (42% European, 39% Indian, and 19% African Black ancestry), São Luís presented an estimate similar to Belém, another trihybrid Amazonian population.